```dataview list without id file.inlinks where file.name = this.file.name ``` --- creation date: 2024-09-24 20:27 modification date: Tuesday 24th September 2024 20:27:16 --- # Current understanding of brain development 1. Brain does not keep getting bigger as you get older. 2. Grey matter matures from back to font. From primary sensorimotor gyrus to high association area as dorsolateral prefrontal cortext, high cognitive function mature later than sensory and other tasks. # Puberty Primary sexual changes secondary sexual characteristics ## Socio-cultural perspectives ### Margaret Mead’s sociocultural view Adolescence is enjoyable time of life. Industrialization makes it hard. Stress and storm is a byproduct of industrialized society Keypoints: * Development determined by socio-cultural factors, not biology * No conflict is necessary if culture provides smooth gradual transition * Universal phenomenon ### Erik Eriksons’ Adolescence is a second chance to overcome the issues faced in childhood - start to separate themselves from family - Developing sense of self # Stages of Adolescence ## Early Obvious Changes - Realized by Adolescence *Social Markers by Society* - biological transitions - social roles () - Characteristics (eg. independence, decision making ability) ## Late - Seeking independence - Thinking about future Youtube: My Voice My Life + My Voice My Life Revisited # Psychosocial Changes - Peak - Parental conflicts - Peer involvement - Risk taking behavior - Feeling of omnipotence and immortality - Egocentric ## Peer Pressure ## Friendship Interpersonal Synchronity ## Stereotyped by society - lazy - entitled - spoiled - self-centered - rebellious risk-takers - use drugs - sexually promiscuous - blah blah ## Risk taking behavior Teens show higher risk taking behavior in groups - Demonstrated ability to assess risk similarly to adults when isolated ### Modern view - Each person’s risk taking differs significantly - “Therapeutic risk taking” to push clients to challenge themselves and grow. TO: promote informed choice - Evolutionary adaptive value - Taking excessive risk - self control and contextual factors (NOT necessarily a cognitive deficient or personality weakness) # Part 2 ## What would I be? ### James Marcia’s Identity Achievement Theory - Four distinct stages in order to establish identiy and sense of self. | | | No Crisis | Crisis | | ---------- | ----------- | ------------------ | -------------------- | | | High | Foreclosure | Identity Achievement | | Commitment | Low | Identity Diffusion | Moratorium | | | Exploration | Low | High | *Identity Diffusion:* Low exploration + commitment, lacking sense of choices and have not made or unwilling to make commitments *Foreclosure:* High commitment / Low exploration, seems willing to commit to some roles or values, but without exploring the full range of options *Moratorium:* High exploration / low commitment, the adolescence is in crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready, but has not yet made them. *Identity achievement:* High exploration + commitment, the adolescence has gone through an identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity. ## Valde: Addition of fifth status *Identity Closure:* reforming identities, relatively more complete sense of self Progress between the states does not happen in a neat order, some status may be skipped or returned to. ## Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development - Outdated - Suggests that adolescences are somewhere between stage 3-4 of moral reasoning, capable of understanding why laws should be obeyed to maintain social function, respect for authority ***Youtube: Heinz Dilemma ## Relational Milestones ### Rise in conflicts - psychological distance - differing views on responsibility and readiness ### strive for autonomy - deidealize/stabilize parents - shift from parent to self, peers for guidance ### Authoritative parenting - How to balance teen autonomy with monitoring? ## College - Period of high occurrence of mental illness, rate of suicide. - psychological transition - higher rates of alcohol + drug misuse ## Challenges of working with Teenagers ### Privacy and confidentiality: - Teens are hesitant to share sensitive information when working with adults / parents - value privacy ### Effective communication, engagement and trust: - Unique communication styles - building trust, establishing rapport requires using age appropriate language ### Mental Health Concerns: #### Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) Deliberate self-injury that is intentional and directly injures the body tissue without suicidal intent. - Most common among adolescents - (lifetime occurance rates 15-20% - onset 13-14 - highest rates 12-25 - peak at 16-17 - Reasons for engaging - not only attention seeking - research indicted could be other reasons ### Cultural Diversity: - Different views of independence across cultures - Challenges of leaving - ie. Hong Kong difficult to move out, perception of moving out age is different compared to other countries. ### Addressing these challenges - require holistic and patient centered approach ###